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	<title>Dynamic Light - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-04-20T17:22:08Z</updated>
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		<title>LauraVDS: Undo revision 390855 by LauraVDS (talk)</title>
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		<updated>2023-05-02T11:33:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Undo revision 390855 by &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Contributions/LauraVDS&quot; title=&quot;Special:Contributions/LauraVDS&quot;&gt;LauraVDS&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/w/index.php?title=User_talk:LauraVDS&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; title=&quot;User talk:LauraVDS (page does not exist)&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 11:33, 2 May 2023&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot; &gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;''&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Moderne toneelverlichting draait om controle&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;waar en wanneer willen &lt;/del&gt;we &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;het en wat voor soort licht willen &lt;/del&gt;we? In &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de naoorlogse periode&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;toen de ambities voor verlichting groeiden&lt;/del&gt;, was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de nauwkeurige regeling van de lichtniveaus in de tijd een zaak van groot belang&lt;/del&gt;.''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;''&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Modern stage lighting is all about control&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;where and when do &lt;/ins&gt;we &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;want it, and what kind of light do &lt;/ins&gt;we &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;want&lt;/ins&gt;? In &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the post-war period&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;as ambitions for lighting grew&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the precise control of light levels over time &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;a matter of urgent importance&lt;/ins&gt;.''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;JTM thyristor dimmer module &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;van &lt;/del&gt;Stand Electric Company]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[File:IO2 C.08 01 JTM dimmer module (c) theatre crafts.jpg|250px|thumb|left|&lt;/ins&gt;JTM thyristor dimmer module &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;by &lt;/ins&gt;Stand Electric Company]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Theatervisionairs uit het begin van de 20e eeuw droomden van dramatisch licht &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;constante beweging&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;met kleuren die de emoties van het publiek dynamisch veranderden&lt;/del&gt;. James B. Fagan &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;schreef:&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Early 20th century theatre visionaries dreamt of dramatic light &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;constant motion&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;with colour dynamically shifting the audience’s emotions&lt;/ins&gt;. James B. Fagan &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;wrote, &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;De dag &lt;/del&gt;is &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;niet ver weg dat &lt;/del&gt;we &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de elektricien zullen zien als een kunstenaar en een technisch &lt;/del&gt;expert - &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;zittend aan zijn schakelbord als een speler aan een orgel &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;die ritmische harmonieën van licht uitzendt die als muziek voor de ogen zullen zijn en vreemde onderbewuste stemmingen in het publiek &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;beweging brengt&lt;/del&gt;, in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;perfecte harmonie met het ontvouwen van het &lt;/del&gt;drama &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;waarin hij zelf een rol speelt van niet gering belang&lt;/del&gt;. (Q30585)''  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;''The day &lt;/ins&gt;is &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;not far off when &lt;/ins&gt;we &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;shall see the electrician an artist as well as a technical &lt;/ins&gt;expert - &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;seated at his switchboard like a player at an organ - sending forth rhythmic harmonies of light that shall be as music to the eyes, swaying strange sub&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;conscious moods &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the audience&lt;/ins&gt;, in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;perfect tune with the unfolding of the &lt;/ins&gt;drama &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;in which he himself is playing a part of no mean importance&lt;/ins&gt;. (Q30585)''  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;De visie hebben &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;echter één ding - het technisch realiseren &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;iets anders&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;However, having the vision &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;one thing – realising it technically &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;another&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;In de eerste helft van de 20e eeuw werden verschillende pogingen ondernomen om betere methoden voor lichtbeheersing te ontwikkelen&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Vroege &lt;/del&gt;[[Item:Q3922|&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;weerstands- en variabele transformatordimmers&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;moesten mechanisch worden bediend met hendels en grote regelwielen &lt;/del&gt;(Q3922, Q601). &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Ze waren groot&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;zwaar en genereerden veel warmte en werden daarom meestal &lt;/del&gt;backstage &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;geplaatst&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;waar de bediener de toneelactie niet kon zien&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Het &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;nodig het bedieningsvlak &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;het deel dat de operateur gebruikte om de verlichting in te stellen en te veranderen&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;te scheiden van de &lt;/del&gt;dimmers (&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;het deel dat de stroom naar de lampen en dus hun helderheid regelde&lt;/del&gt;). &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Om het besturingssysteem op deze manier te splitsen &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;een &lt;/del&gt;dimmer &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;nodig die bestuurd kon worden door een elektrisch signaal via een kleine draad&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;in plaats van een mechanische koppeling van stangen &lt;/del&gt;of &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;staalkabels&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Through the first half of the 20th century, various efforts were made to develop better lighting control methods&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Early &lt;/ins&gt;[[Item:Q3922|&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;resistance and variable transformer dimmers&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;had to be operated mechanically with levers and large control wheels &lt;/ins&gt;(Q3922, Q601). &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;They were large, heavy and generated a lot of heat&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;and were therefore generally placed &lt;/ins&gt;backstage, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;where the operator could not see the stage action&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;The need &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;to separate the control surface &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the part the operator used to set and change the lighting&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;from the &lt;/ins&gt;dimmers (&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the part that regulated the power going to the lamps and so their brightness&lt;/ins&gt;). &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;The key to splitting the control system in this way &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;a &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;that could be controlled by an electrical signal sent down a small wire&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;rather than a mechanical linkage &lt;/ins&gt;of &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;rods or steel cables&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Instant Dimmer Memory (IDM) &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;verlichtingsconsole&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[File:IO2 C.08 03 IDM (c) theatre crafts, Bob Anderson Collection.jpg|300px|thumb|right|&lt;/ins&gt;Instant Dimmer Memory (IDM) &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;lighting console.&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;De eerste elektrisch regelbare &lt;/del&gt;dimmer was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;[[Item:Q30587|saturable reactor]] in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de jaren 1930&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;die goed werkte, maar te duur &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;voor de meeste theaters &lt;/del&gt;(Q30587). &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Ook &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de jaren 1930 werd de &lt;/del&gt;[[Item:Q12964|thyratron dimmer]] (&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de eerste elektronische &lt;/del&gt;dimmer, Q12964) &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;ontwikkeld &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de VS en het volgende decennium ingevoerd in Europa. Hij &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;echter zowel duur als onbetrouwbaar&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Niettemin wees het de weg naar de &lt;/del&gt;[[Item:Q3906|thyristor]] (Q3906), &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;gebaseerd op elektronica in vaste toestand in plaats van de vacuümbuizen van de &lt;/del&gt;thyratron. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Ontwikkeld &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;late &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;jaren 1950&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;vond de &lt;/del&gt;thyristor &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;veel industriële toepassingen voor het regelen van vermogen en daardoor werd het snel een goedkope en betrouwbare technologie. Een technologie die nog steeds wordt gebruikt &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;theaterverlichting &lt;/del&gt;dimmers &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;vandaag&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;The first electrically controllable &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;[[Item:Q30587|saturable reactor]] in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the 1930s&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;which worked well but &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;too expensive for most theatres &lt;/ins&gt;(Q30587). &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Also &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the 1930s, the &lt;/ins&gt;[[Item:Q12964|thyratron dimmer]] (&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the first electronic &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer, Q12964) &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;was developed &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the USA, and imported to Europe the following decade; however, it &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;both expensive and unreliable&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, it pointed the way towards the &lt;/ins&gt;[[Item:Q3906|thyristor]] (Q3906), &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;based on solid-state electronics rather than the vacuum tubes of the &lt;/ins&gt;thyratron. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Developed &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;late &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;1950s&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;thyristor &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;found many industrial applications for controlling power, and as a result rapidly became a cheap and reliable technology – one that is still in use &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;theatre lighting &lt;/ins&gt;dimmers &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;today&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Toen &lt;/del&gt;dimmers &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;eenmaal door elektrische signalen konden worden aangestuurd&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;zonder dat er een mechanische verbinding nodig was&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;kwamen er nieuwe mogelijkheden voor bediening beschikbaar &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;het belangrijkst was de verschuiving naar &amp;quot;&lt;/del&gt;pre-&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;setting&amp;quot;. Met mechanische bedieningen konden de niveaus van elke dimmer niet &lt;/del&gt;of &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;nauwelijks vooraf worden ingesteld. Het bereiken van een nauwkeurige en vooraf bepaalde balans van verlichtingsniveaus aan het einde van een &lt;/del&gt;fade was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;afhankelijk van de vaardigheid en handigheid van de bediener&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Een &amp;quot;preset&amp;quot; verlichtingsconsole &lt;/del&gt;had &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;verschillende &lt;/del&gt;presets, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;en elke &lt;/del&gt;preset had &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;een individuele kleine &lt;/del&gt;fader &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;voor elke &lt;/del&gt;dimmer. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Kleine regelaars hadden twee &lt;/del&gt;presets, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;grote maximaal acht of tien&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Eén &lt;/del&gt;preset was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;'live' en bepaalde de lichtniveaus op het podium&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;terwijl op andere &lt;/del&gt;presets &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de vereiste niveaus voor elke &lt;/del&gt;dimmer &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;konden worden ingesteld voor de komende signalen&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Wanneer een verandering nodig &lt;/del&gt;was, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;kon de &lt;/del&gt;operator &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;tussen de &lt;/del&gt;presets &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;heen en weer schakelen&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Het resultaat &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;een nauwkeurige en herhaalbare verlichting voor grote aantallen &lt;/del&gt;dimmers&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;- die beantwoordde aan de toenemende ambitie en technische complexiteit van verlichting in die tijd &lt;/del&gt;(C.07).  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Once &lt;/ins&gt;dimmers &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;could be controlled by electrical signals&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;with no mechanical connection needed&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;new possibilities for control became available – most significantly the shift to ‘pre&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;setting’. Mechanically operated controls offered limited or no ability to set the levels of each dimmer in advance – arriving at a precise and &lt;/ins&gt;pre-&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;determined balance of lighting levels at the end &lt;/ins&gt;of &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;a &lt;/ins&gt;fade was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;down to the skill and dexterity of the operator&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;A ‘preset’ lighting console &lt;/ins&gt;had &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;several &lt;/ins&gt;presets, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;and each &lt;/ins&gt;preset had &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;an individual small &lt;/ins&gt;fader &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;for each &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Small controls had two &lt;/ins&gt;presets, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;and large ones up to eight or ten&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;One &lt;/ins&gt;preset was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;‘live’&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;determining the light levels on stage, while other &lt;/ins&gt;presets &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;could have the required levels for each &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;set on them for the forthcoming cues&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;When a change &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;required&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;operator &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;would cross-fade between &lt;/ins&gt;presets. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;The result &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;precise and repeatable lighting for large numbers of &lt;/ins&gt;dimmers &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;– meeting the increasing ambition and technical complexity of lighting at the time &lt;/ins&gt;(C.07).  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;JTM &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;thyristordimmer &lt;/del&gt;module, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;door de &lt;/del&gt;Strand Electric Company]]&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[File:IO2 C.08 02 JTM dimmer (c) theatre crafts.jpg|300px|thumb|left|&lt;/ins&gt;JTM &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;thyristor dimmer &lt;/ins&gt;module, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;by the &lt;/ins&gt;Strand Electric Company]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de jaren 1960 automatiseerden geheugencontroles het proces van &lt;/del&gt;presetting, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;met behulp van elektronische geheugensystemen om de niveaus van elke &lt;/del&gt;dimmer &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;die nodig waren voor elke verlichtingstoestand te registreren en op te roepen&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Spoedig werd ook de werking van de &lt;/del&gt;fades &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;tussen de toestanden geautomatiseerd&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;volgens een vooraf ingestelde &lt;/del&gt;timing &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;voor het signaal&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Deze automatisering bracht enkele voordelen&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;er konden veel signalen na elkaar gebruikt worden&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;zonder te hoeven wachten tot de &lt;/del&gt;operator &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de niveaus had ingesteld. De herhaling van de signalen &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;volledig &lt;/del&gt;consistent &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;en lange &lt;/del&gt;fades over &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;meerdere minuten konden gemakkelijk worden uitgevoerd&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;De eerdere droom voor verlichting begon uit te komen, verlichting &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;continue stroom gedurende de hele voorstelling&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the 1960s, memory controls automated the process of &lt;/ins&gt;presetting, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;using electronic memory systems to record and recall the levels of each &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;needed for each lighting state&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Soon the operation of the &lt;/ins&gt;fades &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;between states was also automated&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;according to a preset &lt;/ins&gt;timing &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;for the cue&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;This automation brought some advantages&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;many cues could take place in rapid succession&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;with no need to wait for the &lt;/ins&gt;operator &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;to set the levels; the replay of the cue &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;completely &lt;/ins&gt;consistent&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;, and long &lt;/ins&gt;fades over &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;several minutes could be done easily; it also became possible to create complex ‘multi-part’ cues, with multiple groups of dimmers changing brightness at different speeds at the same time&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;The earlier dream for lighting was beginning to come true – lighting &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;continuous flux throughout the performance&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Toch is er kritiek op deze sterk geautomatiseerde manier van werken&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Voor sommigen &lt;/del&gt;is &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de methode om de snelheid van elke lichtwisseling vooraf te bepalen ongeschikt voor theater als levende&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;real time&amp;quot; kunstvorm&lt;/del&gt;. We &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;hebben aan nauwkeurigheid en herhaalbaarheid van niveaus en overgangen gewonnen&lt;/del&gt;. We &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;zijn de visie van de &lt;/del&gt;operator &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;als toneelkunstenaar - bijna een &lt;/del&gt;performer &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;- kwijtgeraakt, die subtiele oordelen velt over de manier waarop het licht ebt en vloeit &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;relatie tot de andere activiteiten van het toneel&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Het &lt;/del&gt;is &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;opmerkelijk dat het licht voor &lt;/del&gt;live &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;muziek ofwel volledig elektronisch wordt aangestuurd&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;waarbij de hele &lt;/del&gt;show (&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;inclusief de muzikanten&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;gebruik maakt van tijdcodes om &lt;/del&gt;perfect &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;synchroon te blijven. Anders blijft het bij handmatige aansturing&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;waarbij de &lt;/del&gt;operator &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;kan reageren op het gevoel van de muziek en de reactie van het publiek op de avond zelf&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, this highly automated way of working has its critics&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;For some, the method of determining the speed of each lighting change in advance &lt;/ins&gt;is &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;unsuited to theatre as a living&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;‘real time’ art form&lt;/ins&gt;. We &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;have gained accuracy and repeatability of levels and transitions&lt;/ins&gt;. We &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;have lost the vision of the &lt;/ins&gt;operator &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;as a stage artist – almost a &lt;/ins&gt;performer &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;– making subtle judgements about just how the lighting ebbs and flows &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;relation to the other activates of the stage&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;It &lt;/ins&gt;is &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;notable that lighting for &lt;/ins&gt;live &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;music has either committed fully to electronic control&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;with the whole &lt;/ins&gt;show (&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;including the musicians&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;using time-code to stay in &lt;/ins&gt;perfect &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;synchronisation, or stayed with manual control&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;operator &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;able to respond to the feel of the music and the response of the audience on the night&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>LauraVDS</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.canonbase.eu:8181/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_Light&amp;diff=390855&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>LauraVDS at 11:33, 2 May 2023</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.canonbase.eu:8181/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_Light&amp;diff=390855&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-05-02T11:33:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 11:33, 2 May 2023&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot; &gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;''&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Modern stage lighting is all about control&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;where and when do &lt;/del&gt;we &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;want it, and what kind of light do &lt;/del&gt;we &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;want&lt;/del&gt;? In &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the post-war period&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;as ambitions for lighting grew&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the precise control of light levels over time &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;a matter of urgent importance&lt;/del&gt;.''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;''&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Moderne toneelverlichting draait om controle&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;waar en wanneer willen &lt;/ins&gt;we &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;het en wat voor soort licht willen &lt;/ins&gt;we? In &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de naoorlogse periode&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;toen de ambities voor verlichting groeiden&lt;/ins&gt;, was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de nauwkeurige regeling van de lichtniveaus in de tijd een zaak van groot belang&lt;/ins&gt;.''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[File:IO2 C.08 01 JTM dimmer module (c) theatre crafts.jpg|250px|thumb|left|&lt;/del&gt;JTM thyristor dimmer module &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;by &lt;/del&gt;Stand Electric Company]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;JTM thyristor dimmer module &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;van &lt;/ins&gt;Stand Electric Company]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Early 20th century theatre visionaries dreamt of dramatic light &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;constant motion&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;with colour dynamically shifting the audience’s emotions&lt;/del&gt;. James B. Fagan &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;wrote, &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Theatervisionairs uit het begin van de 20e eeuw droomden van dramatisch licht &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;constante beweging&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;met kleuren die de emoties van het publiek dynamisch veranderden&lt;/ins&gt;. James B. Fagan &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;schreef:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;''The day &lt;/del&gt;is &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;not far off when &lt;/del&gt;we &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;shall see the electrician an artist as well as a technical &lt;/del&gt;expert - &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;seated at his switchboard like a player at an organ &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;sending forth rhythmic harmonies of light that shall be as music to the eyes, swaying strange sub-conscious moods &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the audience&lt;/del&gt;, in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;perfect tune with the unfolding of the &lt;/del&gt;drama &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;in which he himself is playing a part of no mean importance&lt;/del&gt;. (Q30585)''  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;De dag &lt;/ins&gt;is &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;niet ver weg dat &lt;/ins&gt;we &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de elektricien zullen zien als een kunstenaar en een technisch &lt;/ins&gt;expert - &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;zittend aan zijn schakelbord als een speler aan een orgel &lt;/ins&gt;- &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;die ritmische harmonieën van licht uitzendt die als muziek voor de ogen zullen zijn en vreemde onderbewuste stemmingen in het publiek &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;beweging brengt&lt;/ins&gt;, in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;perfecte harmonie met het ontvouwen van het &lt;/ins&gt;drama &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;waarin hij zelf een rol speelt van niet gering belang&lt;/ins&gt;. (Q30585)''  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;However, having the vision &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;one thing – realising it technically &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;another&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;De visie hebben &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;echter één ding - het technisch realiseren &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;iets anders&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Through the first half of the 20th century, various efforts were made to develop better lighting control methods&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Early &lt;/del&gt;[[Item:Q3922|&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;resistance and variable transformer dimmers&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;had to be operated mechanically with levers and large control wheels &lt;/del&gt;(Q3922, Q601). &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;They were large, heavy and generated a lot of heat&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;and were therefore generally placed &lt;/del&gt;backstage, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;where the operator could not see the stage action&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;The need &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;to separate the control surface &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the part the operator used to set and change the lighting&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;from the &lt;/del&gt;dimmers (&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the part that regulated the power going to the lamps and so their brightness&lt;/del&gt;). &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;The key to splitting the control system in this way &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;a &lt;/del&gt;dimmer &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;that could be controlled by an electrical signal sent down a small wire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;rather than a mechanical linkage &lt;/del&gt;of &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;rods or steel cables&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;In de eerste helft van de 20e eeuw werden verschillende pogingen ondernomen om betere methoden voor lichtbeheersing te ontwikkelen&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Vroege &lt;/ins&gt;[[Item:Q3922|&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;weerstands- en variabele transformatordimmers&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;moesten mechanisch worden bediend met hendels en grote regelwielen &lt;/ins&gt;(Q3922, Q601). &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Ze waren groot&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;zwaar en genereerden veel warmte en werden daarom meestal &lt;/ins&gt;backstage &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;geplaatst&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;waar de bediener de toneelactie niet kon zien&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Het &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;nodig het bedieningsvlak &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;het deel dat de operateur gebruikte om de verlichting in te stellen en te veranderen&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;te scheiden van de &lt;/ins&gt;dimmers (&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;het deel dat de stroom naar de lampen en dus hun helderheid regelde&lt;/ins&gt;). &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Om het besturingssysteem op deze manier te splitsen &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;een &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;nodig die bestuurd kon worden door een elektrisch signaal via een kleine draad&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;in plaats van een mechanische koppeling van stangen &lt;/ins&gt;of &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;staalkabels&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[File:IO2 C.08 03 IDM (c) theatre crafts, Bob Anderson Collection.jpg|300px|thumb|right|&lt;/del&gt;Instant Dimmer Memory (IDM) &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;lighting console.&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Instant Dimmer Memory (IDM) &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;verlichtingsconsole&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;The first electrically controllable &lt;/del&gt;dimmer was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the &lt;/del&gt;[[Item:Q30587|saturable reactor]] in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the 1930s&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;which worked well but &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;too expensive for most theatres &lt;/del&gt;(Q30587). &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Also &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the 1930s, the &lt;/del&gt;[[Item:Q12964|thyratron dimmer]] (&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the first electronic &lt;/del&gt;dimmer, Q12964) &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;was developed &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the USA, and imported to Europe the following decade; however, it &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;both expensive and unreliable&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, it pointed the way towards the &lt;/del&gt;[[Item:Q3906|thyristor]] (Q3906), &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;based on solid-state electronics rather than the vacuum tubes of the &lt;/del&gt;thyratron. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Developed &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the &lt;/del&gt;late &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;1950s&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the &lt;/del&gt;thyristor &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;found many industrial applications for controlling power, and as a result rapidly became a cheap and reliable technology – one that is still in use &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;theatre lighting &lt;/del&gt;dimmers &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;today&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;De eerste elektrisch regelbare &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de &lt;/ins&gt;[[Item:Q30587|saturable reactor]] in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de jaren 1930&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;die goed werkte, maar te duur &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;voor de meeste theaters &lt;/ins&gt;(Q30587). &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Ook &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de jaren 1930 werd de &lt;/ins&gt;[[Item:Q12964|thyratron dimmer]] (&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de eerste elektronische &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer, Q12964) &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;ontwikkeld in de VS en het volgende decennium ingevoerd &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Europa. Hij &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;echter zowel duur als onbetrouwbaar&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Niettemin wees het de weg naar de &lt;/ins&gt;[[Item:Q3906|thyristor]] (Q3906), &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;gebaseerd op elektronica in vaste toestand in plaats van de vacuümbuizen van de &lt;/ins&gt;thyratron. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Ontwikkeld &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de &lt;/ins&gt;late &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;jaren 1950&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;vond de &lt;/ins&gt;thyristor &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;veel industriële toepassingen voor het regelen van vermogen en daardoor werd het snel een goedkope en betrouwbare technologie. Een technologie die nog steeds wordt gebruikt &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;theaterverlichting &lt;/ins&gt;dimmers &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;vandaag&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Once &lt;/del&gt;dimmers &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;could be controlled by electrical signals&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;with no mechanical connection needed&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;new possibilities for control became available – most significantly the shift to ‘pre&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;setting’&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Mechanically operated controls offered limited or no ability to set the levels of each &lt;/del&gt;dimmer &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;in advance – arriving at a precise and pre-determined balance &lt;/del&gt;of &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;lighting levels at the end of a &lt;/del&gt;fade was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;down to the skill and dexterity of the operator&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;A ‘preset’ lighting console &lt;/del&gt;had &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;several &lt;/del&gt;presets, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;and each &lt;/del&gt;preset had &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;an individual small &lt;/del&gt;fader &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;for each &lt;/del&gt;dimmer. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Small controls had two &lt;/del&gt;presets, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;and large ones up to eight or ten&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;One &lt;/del&gt;preset was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;‘live’&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;determining the light levels on stage, while other &lt;/del&gt;presets &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;could have the required levels for each &lt;/del&gt;dimmer &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;set on them for the forthcoming cues&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;When a change &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;required&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the &lt;/del&gt;operator &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;would cross-fade between &lt;/del&gt;presets. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;The result &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;precise and repeatable lighting for large numbers of &lt;/del&gt;dimmers &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;– meeting the increasing ambition and technical complexity of lighting at the time &lt;/del&gt;(C.07).  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Toen &lt;/ins&gt;dimmers &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;eenmaal door elektrische signalen konden worden aangestuurd&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;zonder dat er een mechanische verbinding nodig was&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;kwamen er nieuwe mogelijkheden voor bediening beschikbaar - het belangrijkst was de verschuiving naar &amp;quot;pre&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;setting&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Met mechanische bedieningen konden de niveaus van elke &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;niet &lt;/ins&gt;of &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;nauwelijks vooraf worden ingesteld. Het bereiken van een nauwkeurige en vooraf bepaalde balans van verlichtingsniveaus aan het einde van een &lt;/ins&gt;fade was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;afhankelijk van de vaardigheid en handigheid van de bediener&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Een &amp;quot;preset&amp;quot; verlichtingsconsole &lt;/ins&gt;had &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;verschillende &lt;/ins&gt;presets, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;en elke &lt;/ins&gt;preset had &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;een individuele kleine &lt;/ins&gt;fader &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;voor elke &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Kleine regelaars hadden twee &lt;/ins&gt;presets, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;grote maximaal acht of tien&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Eén &lt;/ins&gt;preset was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;'live' en bepaalde de lichtniveaus op het podium&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;terwijl op andere &lt;/ins&gt;presets &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de vereiste niveaus voor elke &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;konden worden ingesteld voor de komende signalen&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Wanneer een verandering nodig &lt;/ins&gt;was, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;kon de &lt;/ins&gt;operator &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;tussen de &lt;/ins&gt;presets &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;heen en weer schakelen&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Het resultaat &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;een nauwkeurige en herhaalbare verlichting voor grote aantallen &lt;/ins&gt;dimmers&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;- die beantwoordde aan de toenemende ambitie en technische complexiteit van verlichting in die tijd &lt;/ins&gt;(C.07).  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[File:IO2 C.08 02 JTM dimmer (c) theatre crafts.jpg|300px|thumb|left|&lt;/del&gt;JTM &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;thyristor dimmer &lt;/del&gt;module, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;by the &lt;/del&gt;Strand Electric Company]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;JTM &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;thyristordimmer &lt;/ins&gt;module, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;door de &lt;/ins&gt;Strand Electric Company]]&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the 1960s, memory controls automated the process of &lt;/del&gt;presetting, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;using electronic memory systems to record and recall the levels of each &lt;/del&gt;dimmer &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;needed for each lighting state&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Soon the operation of the &lt;/del&gt;fades &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;between states was also automated&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;according to a preset &lt;/del&gt;timing &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;for the cue&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;This automation brought some advantages&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;many cues could take place in rapid succession&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;with no need to wait for the &lt;/del&gt;operator &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;to set the levels; the replay of the cue &lt;/del&gt;was &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;completely &lt;/del&gt;consistent&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;, and long &lt;/del&gt;fades over &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;several minutes could be done easily; it also became possible to create complex ‘multi-part’ cues&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;with multiple groups of dimmers changing brightness at different speeds at the same time. The earlier dream for lighting was beginning to come true – lighting &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;continuous flux throughout the performance&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de jaren 1960 automatiseerden geheugencontroles het proces van &lt;/ins&gt;presetting, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;met behulp van elektronische geheugensystemen om de niveaus van elke &lt;/ins&gt;dimmer &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;die nodig waren voor elke verlichtingstoestand te registreren en op te roepen&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Spoedig werd ook de werking van de &lt;/ins&gt;fades &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;tussen de toestanden geautomatiseerd&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;volgens een vooraf ingestelde &lt;/ins&gt;timing &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;voor het signaal&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Deze automatisering bracht enkele voordelen&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;er konden veel signalen na elkaar gebruikt worden&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;zonder te hoeven wachten tot de &lt;/ins&gt;operator &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de niveaus had ingesteld. De herhaling van de signalen &lt;/ins&gt;was &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;volledig &lt;/ins&gt;consistent &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;en lange &lt;/ins&gt;fades over &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;meerdere minuten konden gemakkelijk worden uitgevoerd. De eerdere droom voor verlichting begon uit te komen&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;verlichting &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;continue stroom gedurende de hele voorstelling&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, this highly automated way of working has its critics&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;For some, the method of determining the speed of each lighting change in advance &lt;/del&gt;is &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;unsuited to theatre as a living&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;‘real time’ art form&lt;/del&gt;. We &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;have gained accuracy and repeatability of levels and transitions&lt;/del&gt;. We &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;have lost the vision of the &lt;/del&gt;operator &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;as a stage artist – almost a &lt;/del&gt;performer &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;– making subtle judgements about just how the lighting ebbs and flows &lt;/del&gt;in &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;relation to the other activates of the stage&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;It &lt;/del&gt;is &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;notable that lighting for &lt;/del&gt;live &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;music has either committed fully to electronic control&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;with the whole &lt;/del&gt;show (&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;including the musicians&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;using time-code to stay in &lt;/del&gt;perfect &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;synchronisation, or stayed with manual control&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;the &lt;/del&gt;operator &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;able to respond to the feel of the music and the response of the audience on the night&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Toch is er kritiek op deze sterk geautomatiseerde manier van werken&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Voor sommigen &lt;/ins&gt;is &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;de methode om de snelheid van elke lichtwisseling vooraf te bepalen ongeschikt voor theater als levende&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;real time&amp;quot; kunstvorm&lt;/ins&gt;. We &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;hebben aan nauwkeurigheid en herhaalbaarheid van niveaus en overgangen gewonnen&lt;/ins&gt;. We &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;zijn de visie van de &lt;/ins&gt;operator &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;als toneelkunstenaar - bijna een &lt;/ins&gt;performer &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;- kwijtgeraakt, die subtiele oordelen velt over de manier waarop het licht ebt en vloeit &lt;/ins&gt;in &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;relatie tot de andere activiteiten van het toneel&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Het &lt;/ins&gt;is &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;opmerkelijk dat het licht voor &lt;/ins&gt;live &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;muziek ofwel volledig elektronisch wordt aangestuurd&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;waarbij de hele &lt;/ins&gt;show (&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;inclusief de muzikanten&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;gebruik maakt van tijdcodes om &lt;/ins&gt;perfect &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;synchroon te blijven. Anders blijft het bij handmatige aansturing&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;waarbij de &lt;/ins&gt;operator &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;kan reageren op het gevoel van de muziek en de reactie van het publiek op de avond zelf&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>LauraVDS</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.canonbase.eu:8181/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_Light&amp;diff=387949&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>LouisR at 18:31, 18 February 2023</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.canonbase.eu:8181/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_Light&amp;diff=387949&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-02-18T18:31:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 18:31, 18 February 2023&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot; &gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;''Modern stage lighting is all about control: where and when do we want it, and what kind of light do we want? In the post-war period, as ambitions for lighting grew, the precise control of light levels over time was a matter of urgent importance.''  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;''Modern stage lighting is all about control: where and when do we want it, and what kind of light do we want? In the post-war period, as ambitions for lighting grew, the precise control of light levels over time was a matter of urgent importance.''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[File:IO2 C.08 01 JTM dimmer module (c) theatre crafts.jpg|250px|thumb|left|JTM thyristor dimmer module by Stand Electric Company]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Early 20th century theatre visionaries dreamt of dramatic light in constant motion, with colour dynamically shifting the audience’s emotions. James B. Fagan wrote,  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Early 20th century theatre visionaries dreamt of dramatic light in constant motion, with colour dynamically shifting the audience’s emotions. James B. Fagan wrote,  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;''The day is not far off when we shall see the electrician an artist as well as a technical expert - seated at his switchboard like a player at an organ - sending forth rhythmic harmonies of light that shall be as music to the eyes, swaying strange sub-conscious moods in the audience, in perfect tune with the unfolding of the drama in which he himself is playing a part of no mean importance. (Q30585)''  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;''The day is not far off when we shall see the electrician an artist as well as a technical expert - seated at his switchboard like a player at an organ - sending forth rhythmic harmonies of light that shall be as music to the eyes, swaying strange sub-conscious moods in the audience, in perfect tune with the unfolding of the drama in which he himself is playing a part of no mean importance. (Q30585)''  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;However, having the vision was one thing – realising it technically was another.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;However, having the vision was one thing – realising it technically was another.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Through the first half of the 20th century, various efforts were made to develop better lighting control methods. Early [[Item:Q3922|resistance and variable transformer dimmers]] had to be operated mechanically with levers and large control wheels (Q3922, Q601). They were large, heavy and generated a lot of heat, and were therefore generally placed backstage, where the operator could not see the stage action. The need was to separate the control surface (the part the operator used to set and change the lighting) from the dimmers (the part that regulated the power going to the lamps and so their brightness). The key to splitting the control system in this way was a dimmer that could be controlled by an electrical signal sent down a small wire, rather than a mechanical linkage of rods or steel cables.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Through the first half of the 20th century, various efforts were made to develop better lighting control methods. Early [[Item:Q3922|resistance and variable transformer dimmers]] had to be operated mechanically with levers and large control wheels (Q3922, Q601). They were large, heavy and generated a lot of heat, and were therefore generally placed backstage, where the operator could not see the stage action. The need was to separate the control surface (the part the operator used to set and change the lighting) from the dimmers (the part that regulated the power going to the lamps and so their brightness). The key to splitting the control system in this way was a dimmer that could be controlled by an electrical signal sent down a small wire, rather than a mechanical linkage of rods or steel cables.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[File:IO2 C.08 03 IDM (c) theatre crafts, Bob Anderson Collection.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Instant Dimmer Memory (IDM) lighting console.]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first electrically controllable dimmer was the [[Item:Q30587|saturable reactor]] in the 1930s, which worked well but was too expensive for most theatres (Q30587). Also in the 1930s, the [[Item:Q12964|thyratron dimmer]] (the first electronic dimmer, Q12964) was developed in the USA, and imported to Europe the following decade; however, it was both expensive and unreliable. Nevertheless, it pointed the way towards the [[Item:Q3906|thyristor]] (Q3906), based on solid-state electronics rather than the vacuum tubes of the thyratron. Developed in the late 1950s, the thyristor found many industrial applications for controlling power, and as a result rapidly became a cheap and reliable technology – one that is still in use in theatre lighting dimmers today.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first electrically controllable dimmer was the [[Item:Q30587|saturable reactor]] in the 1930s, which worked well but was too expensive for most theatres (Q30587). Also in the 1930s, the [[Item:Q12964|thyratron dimmer]] (the first electronic dimmer, Q12964) was developed in the USA, and imported to Europe the following decade; however, it was both expensive and unreliable. Nevertheless, it pointed the way towards the [[Item:Q3906|thyristor]] (Q3906), based on solid-state electronics rather than the vacuum tubes of the thyratron. Developed in the late 1950s, the thyristor found many industrial applications for controlling power, and as a result rapidly became a cheap and reliable technology – one that is still in use in theatre lighting dimmers today.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once dimmers could be controlled by electrical signals, with no mechanical connection needed, new possibilities for control became available – most significantly the shift to ‘pre-setting’. Mechanically operated controls offered limited or no ability to set the levels of each dimmer in advance – arriving at a precise and pre-determined balance of lighting levels at the end of a fade was down to the skill and dexterity of the operator. A ‘preset’ lighting console had several presets, and each preset had an individual small fader for each dimmer. Small controls had two presets, and large ones up to eight or ten. One preset was ‘live’, determining the light levels on stage, while other presets could have the required levels for each dimmer set on them for the forthcoming cues. When a change was required, the operator would cross-fade between presets. The result was precise and repeatable lighting for large numbers of dimmers – meeting the increasing ambition and technical complexity of lighting at the time (C.07).  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once dimmers could be controlled by electrical signals, with no mechanical connection needed, new possibilities for control became available – most significantly the shift to ‘pre-setting’. Mechanically operated controls offered limited or no ability to set the levels of each dimmer in advance – arriving at a precise and pre-determined balance of lighting levels at the end of a fade was down to the skill and dexterity of the operator. A ‘preset’ lighting console had several presets, and each preset had an individual small fader for each dimmer. Small controls had two presets, and large ones up to eight or ten. One preset was ‘live’, determining the light levels on stage, while other presets could have the required levels for each dimmer set on them for the forthcoming cues. When a change was required, the operator would cross-fade between presets. The result was precise and repeatable lighting for large numbers of dimmers – meeting the increasing ambition and technical complexity of lighting at the time (C.07).  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[File:IO2 C.08 02 JTM dimmer (c) theatre crafts.jpg|300px|thumb|left|JTM thyristor dimmer module, by the Strand Electric Company]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the 1960s, memory controls automated the process of presetting, using electronic memory systems to record and recall the levels of each dimmer needed for each lighting state. Soon the operation of the fades between states was also automated, according to a preset timing for the cue. This automation brought some advantages: many cues could take place in rapid succession, with no need to wait for the operator to set the levels; the replay of the cue was completely consistent, and long fades over several minutes could be done easily; it also became possible to create complex ‘multi-part’ cues, with multiple groups of dimmers changing brightness at different speeds at the same time. The earlier dream for lighting was beginning to come true – lighting in continuous flux throughout the performance.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the 1960s, memory controls automated the process of presetting, using electronic memory systems to record and recall the levels of each dimmer needed for each lighting state. Soon the operation of the fades between states was also automated, according to a preset timing for the cue. This automation brought some advantages: many cues could take place in rapid succession, with no need to wait for the operator to set the levels; the replay of the cue was completely consistent, and long fades over several minutes could be done easily; it also became possible to create complex ‘multi-part’ cues, with multiple groups of dimmers changing brightness at different speeds at the same time. The earlier dream for lighting was beginning to come true – lighting in continuous flux throughout the performance.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nevertheless, this highly automated way of working has its critics. For some, the method of determining the speed of each lighting change in advance is unsuited to theatre as a living, ‘real time’ art form. We have gained accuracy and repeatability of levels and transitions. We have lost the vision of the operator as a stage artist – almost a performer – making subtle judgements about just how the lighting ebbs and flows in relation to the other activates of the stage. It is notable that lighting for live music has either committed fully to electronic control, with the whole show (including the musicians) using time-code to stay in perfect synchronisation, or stayed with manual control, the operator able to respond to the feel of the music and the response of the audience on the night.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nevertheless, this highly automated way of working has its critics. For some, the method of determining the speed of each lighting change in advance is unsuited to theatre as a living, ‘real time’ art form. We have gained accuracy and repeatability of levels and transitions. We have lost the vision of the operator as a stage artist – almost a performer – making subtle judgements about just how the lighting ebbs and flows in relation to the other activates of the stage. It is notable that lighting for live music has either committed fully to electronic control, with the whole show (including the musicians) using time-code to stay in perfect synchronisation, or stayed with manual control, the operator able to respond to the feel of the music and the response of the audience on the night.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>LouisR</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.canonbase.eu:8181/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_Light&amp;diff=387895&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>LouisR: Created page with &quot;''Modern stage lighting is all about control: where and when do we want it, and what kind of light do we want? In the post-war period, as ambitions for lighting grew, the prec...&quot;</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.canonbase.eu:8181/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_Light&amp;diff=387895&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-02-17T20:26:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Created page with &amp;quot;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Modern stage lighting is all about control: where and when do we want it, and what kind of light do we want? In the post-war period, as ambitions for lighting grew, the prec...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;''Modern stage lighting is all about control: where and when do we want it, and what kind of light do we want? In the post-war period, as ambitions for lighting grew, the precise control of light levels over time was a matter of urgent importance.'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Early 20th century theatre visionaries dreamt of dramatic light in constant motion, with colour dynamically shifting the audience’s emotions. James B. Fagan wrote, &lt;br /&gt;
''The day is not far off when we shall see the electrician an artist as well as a technical expert - seated at his switchboard like a player at an organ - sending forth rhythmic harmonies of light that shall be as music to the eyes, swaying strange sub-conscious moods in the audience, in perfect tune with the unfolding of the drama in which he himself is playing a part of no mean importance. (Q30585)'' &lt;br /&gt;
However, having the vision was one thing – realising it technically was another. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Through the first half of the 20th century, various efforts were made to develop better lighting control methods. Early [[Item:Q3922|resistance and variable transformer dimmers]] had to be operated mechanically with levers and large control wheels (Q3922, Q601). They were large, heavy and generated a lot of heat, and were therefore generally placed backstage, where the operator could not see the stage action. The need was to separate the control surface (the part the operator used to set and change the lighting) from the dimmers (the part that regulated the power going to the lamps and so their brightness). The key to splitting the control system in this way was a dimmer that could be controlled by an electrical signal sent down a small wire, rather than a mechanical linkage of rods or steel cables. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first electrically controllable dimmer was the [[Item:Q30587|saturable reactor]] in the 1930s, which worked well but was too expensive for most theatres (Q30587). Also in the 1930s, the [[Item:Q12964|thyratron dimmer]] (the first electronic dimmer, Q12964) was developed in the USA, and imported to Europe the following decade; however, it was both expensive and unreliable. Nevertheless, it pointed the way towards the [[Item:Q3906|thyristor]] (Q3906), based on solid-state electronics rather than the vacuum tubes of the thyratron. Developed in the late 1950s, the thyristor found many industrial applications for controlling power, and as a result rapidly became a cheap and reliable technology – one that is still in use in theatre lighting dimmers today. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once dimmers could be controlled by electrical signals, with no mechanical connection needed, new possibilities for control became available – most significantly the shift to ‘pre-setting’. Mechanically operated controls offered limited or no ability to set the levels of each dimmer in advance – arriving at a precise and pre-determined balance of lighting levels at the end of a fade was down to the skill and dexterity of the operator. A ‘preset’ lighting console had several presets, and each preset had an individual small fader for each dimmer. Small controls had two presets, and large ones up to eight or ten. One preset was ‘live’, determining the light levels on stage, while other presets could have the required levels for each dimmer set on them for the forthcoming cues. When a change was required, the operator would cross-fade between presets. The result was precise and repeatable lighting for large numbers of dimmers – meeting the increasing ambition and technical complexity of lighting at the time (C.07). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the 1960s, memory controls automated the process of presetting, using electronic memory systems to record and recall the levels of each dimmer needed for each lighting state. Soon the operation of the fades between states was also automated, according to a preset timing for the cue. This automation brought some advantages: many cues could take place in rapid succession, with no need to wait for the operator to set the levels; the replay of the cue was completely consistent, and long fades over several minutes could be done easily; it also became possible to create complex ‘multi-part’ cues, with multiple groups of dimmers changing brightness at different speeds at the same time. The earlier dream for lighting was beginning to come true – lighting in continuous flux throughout the performance. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nevertheless, this highly automated way of working has its critics. For some, the method of determining the speed of each lighting change in advance is unsuited to theatre as a living, ‘real time’ art form. We have gained accuracy and repeatability of levels and transitions. We have lost the vision of the operator as a stage artist – almost a performer – making subtle judgements about just how the lighting ebbs and flows in relation to the other activates of the stage. It is notable that lighting for live music has either committed fully to electronic control, with the whole show (including the musicians) using time-code to stay in perfect synchronisation, or stayed with manual control, the operator able to respond to the feel of the music and the response of the audience on the night.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>LouisR</name></author>
		
	</entry>
</feed>